[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":793},["ShallowReactive",2],{"/en-us/blog/how-to-bring-devops-to-the-database-with-gitlab-and-liquibase":3,"navigation-en-us":39,"banner-en-us":438,"footer-en-us":448,"blog-post-authors-en-us-Tsvi Zandany":690,"blog-related-posts-en-us-how-to-bring-devops-to-the-database-with-gitlab-and-liquibase":704,"assessment-promotions-en-us":744,"next-steps-en-us":783},{"id":4,"title":5,"authorSlugs":6,"body":8,"categorySlug":9,"config":10,"content":14,"description":8,"extension":26,"isFeatured":12,"meta":27,"navigation":28,"path":29,"publishedDate":20,"seo":30,"stem":34,"tagSlugs":35,"__hash__":38},"blogPosts/en-us/blog/how-to-bring-devops-to-the-database-with-gitlab-and-liquibase.yml","How To Bring Devops To The Database With Gitlab And Liquibase",[7],"tsvi-zandany",null,"engineering",{"slug":11,"featured":12,"template":13},"how-to-bring-devops-to-the-database-with-gitlab-and-liquibase",false,"BlogPost",{"title":15,"description":16,"authors":17,"heroImage":19,"date":20,"body":21,"category":9,"tags":22},"How to bring DevOps to the database with GitLab and Liquibase","Learn how to build a continuous delivery pipeline for database code changes with this tutorial.",[18],"Tsvi Zandany","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1749672677/Blog/Hero%20Images/metalgears_databasecasestudy.jpg","2022-01-05","In the [Accelerate State of DevOps 2021 Report](https://cloud.google.com/devops/state-of-devops/), the DevOps Research and Assessment (DORA) team reveals “elite DevOps performers are 3.4 times more likely to exercise database change management compared to their low-performing counterparts.” Tracking changes with version control is not just for application code, though. It’s crucial for managing changes for one of your most important assets: your database.   \n\nThe GitLab DevOps platform enables database management teams to leverage CI/CD to track, manage, and deploy database changes, along with application development and automation and infrastructure as code. Database change management tools have become more advanced in recent years, supporting easier collaboration and communication, which are the keys to successful DevOps. In this blog post, I’ll take you through a tutorial using [Liquibase](https://www.liquibase.com), a tool that integrates seamlessly into the GitLab DevOps platform so your teams can deliver database code changes as fast as application code changes (without compromising on quality and security). \n\n## What is Liquibase?\n\nLiquibase was founded as an open source project over 15 years ago to address getting database changes into version control. With more than 75 million downloads, the company behind Liquibase expanded to paid editions and support to help teams release software faster and safer by bringing the database change process into their existing CI/CD automation.  \n\nIntegrating Liquibase with GitLab CI/CD enables database teams to leverage DevOps automation and best practices for database management. Liquibase helps teams build automated database scripts and gain insights into when, where, and how database changes are deployed. In this tutorial, we’ll demonstrate how to check database scripts for security and compliance issues, speed up database code reviews, perform easy rollbacks, and provide database snapshots to check for malware.\n\n## Adding Liquibase to GitLab’s DevOps Platform\n\nTeams can add Liquibase to GitLab to enable true CI/CD for the database. It’s easy to integrate Liquibase into your GitLab CI/CD pipeline. Before jumping into the tutorial, let’s take a look at the [example Liquibase GitLab project repository](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/alliances/liquibase/sandbox-projects/sql_server) you’ll be using.\n\n### Understanding the example Liquibase GitLab project repository\n\n![A CI/CD pipeline diagram](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/1_CICD_Pipeline_Diagram.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\nFor this example, the GitLab CI/CD pipeline environments include DEV, QA, and PROD. This pipeline goes through several stages: build, test, deploy, and compare. A post stage comes into play later to capture a snapshot of your database in Production.\n\nStages:\n  - build\n  - test\n  - deploy\n  - compare\n\n### Liquibase commands in the pipeline\n\nFor each of the predefined jobs in the GitLab repository, you’ll be using several Liquibase commands to help manage database changes quickly and safely:\n\n- liquibase_job:\n\n  before_script:\n    - functions\n    - isUpToDate\n    - liquibase checks run\n    - liquibase updateSQL\n    - liquibase update\n    - liquibase rollbackOneUpdate --force\n    - liquibase tag $CI_PIPELINE_ID\n    - liquibase --logFile=${CI_JOB_NAME}_${CI_PIPELINE_ID}.log --logLevel=info update\n    - liquibase history\n\n  script:\n    - echo \"Comparing databases DEV --> QA\"\n    - liquibase diff\n    - liquibase --outputFile=diff_between_DEV_QA.json diff --format=json\n\n  script:\n    - echo \"Snapshotting database PROD\"\n    - liquibase --outputFile=snapshot_PROD.json snapshot --snapshotFormat=json\n\nLearn more about each of these commands in the [README file in the GitLab repository](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/alliances/liquibase/sandbox-projects/sql_server/-/blob/main/README.md). \n\n## Tutorial\n\nThe following tutorial demonstrates how to run Liquibase in a GitLab CI/CD pipeline. Follow along by watching this companion video:\n\n\u003C!-- blank line -->\n\u003Cfigure class=\"video_container\">\n  \u003Ciframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZBFhDayoRYo\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\"> \u003C/iframe>\n\u003C/figure>\n\u003C!-- blank line -->\n\n### Prerequisites\n\nTo start, I’m using a Linux machine with the following:\n\n- [A GitLab account](https://www.gitlab.com)\n- Self-managed Runner on a Linux machine\n- Git\n- Java 11\n- Access to a SQL Server database with multiple environments\n\n### Download, install, and configure Liquibase\n\n[Download Liquibase v4.6.1+](https://www.liquibase.org/download)\n\n[Install Liquibase](https://docs.liquibase.com/concepts/installation/installation-linux-unix-mac.html)\n\n[Get a free Liquibase Pro license key](https://www.liquibase.com/trial). No credit card is required, so you can play with all the advanced features and get support for 30 days. You’ll use this key later when you configure environment variables within GitLab.\n\nEnsure Liquibase is installed properly by running the liquibase --version command. If everything is good you’ll see the following:\n\nStarting Liquibase at 18:10:06 (version 4.6.1 #98 built at 2021-11-04 20:16+0000)\nRunning Java under /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-11.0.13.0.8-1.el7_9.x86_64 (Version 11.0.13)\n\nLiquibase Version: 4.6.1\nLiquibase Community 4.6.1 by Liquibase\n\n### Prepare your GitLab project\n\nFork this [example GitLab project repository](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/alliances/liquibase/sandbox-projects/sql_server). ([See more information about forking a repository](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/repository/forking_workflow.html).)\n\n[Create a self-managed GitLab Runner](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/) on your Linux instance with your newly forked GitLab project.\n\nClone your newly forked project repository:\ngit clone https://gitlab.com/\u003Cusername>/sql_server.git\n\nGo to the “sql_server” project folder.\ncd sql_server\n\nRun the following command to change your git branch to staging:\ngit checkout staging\n\nConfigure the GitLab CI/CD pipeline environment variables.\n\nYour configuration will include [CI/CD variables](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/variables/#add-a-cicd-variable-to-a-project), [Liquibase properties](https://www.liquibase.com/blog/secure-database-developer-flow-using-gitlab-pipelines), database credentials, and the Liquibase Pro trial license key so you can use all the advanced Liquibase commands.\n\nFrom the main sql_server project, go to Settings → CI/CD\n\nUnder Variables, click Expand and add the following variables:\n\n![A CI/CD pipeline diagram](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/liquibasevariables.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\n![A CI/CD pipeline diagram](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/liquibasevariables2.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\n### Configure the self-managed GitLab runner\n\nFrom the main sql_server project, go to Settings → CI/CD\n\nExpand the runners section, click the pencil edit icon, and add the following runner tags (comma separated):\n\ndev_db,prod_db,test_db\n\nNote: Tags are created to help choose which runner will do the job. In this example, we are associating all tags to one runner. Learn more about [configuring runners](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/runners/configure_runners.html). \n\n### Make changes to the database\n\nEdit the changelog.sql file and add the following changeset after \n\n```text\nliquibase formatted sql:\n-- changeset SteveZ:createTable_salesTableZ\nCREATE TABLE salesTableZ (\n   ID int NOT NULL,\n   NAME varchar(20) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,\n   REGION varchar(20) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,\n   MARKET varchar(20) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL\n)\n--rollback DROP TABLE salesTableZ\nAdd, commit, and push all new database changes.\ngit add changelog.sql\ngit commit -m “added changelog id and a create table salesTableZ changeset”\ngit push -u origin staging\n```\n\n### Merge the changes and run the pipeline\n\nLet’s merge the changes from branch staging → main to trigger the pipeline to run all jobs.\n\nClick Merge requests → New merge request\n\nSelect staging as Source branch and main as Target branch\n\nClick Compare branches and continue\n\nOn the next screen, click Create merge request\n\nClick Merge to finish merging the changes\n\n![A look at the merge request](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/2_Merge_Request1.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\n![Another look at the merge requestt](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/3_Merge_Request2.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\nOnce these steps are completed, the code is merged into main and the pipeline is triggered to run.\n\n![The pipeline is triggered](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/4_Merge_Request3.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\nTo see the pipeline running, click Pipelines.\n\nTo view the pipeline progress, click the pipeline ID link. You can view each job’s log output by clicking on each job name.\n\n![The pipeline in progress](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/5_Pipeline_Progress.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\nClicking into the build-job example:\n\nThe liquibase checks run command validates the SQL for any violations.\n\n```text\n57Starting Liquibase at 22:19:14 (version 4.6.1 #98 built at 2021-11-04 20:16+0000)\n58Liquibase Version: 4.6.1\n59Liquibase Pro 4.6.1 by Liquibase licensed to customersuccess until Mon Jun 27 04:59:59 UTC 2022\n60Executing Quality Checks against changelog.sql\n61Executing all checks because a valid Liquibase Pro license was found!\n62Changesets Validated:\n63  ID: createTable_salesTableZ; Author: SteveZ; File path: changelog.sql\n64Checks run against each changeset:\n65  Warn on Detection of 'GRANT' Statements\n66  Warn on Detection of 'REVOKE' Statements\n67  Warn when 'DROP TABLE' detected\n68  Warn when 'DROP COLUMN' detected\n69  Check for specific patterns in sql (Short Name: SqlCreateRoleCheck)\n70  Warn when 'TRUNCATE TABLE' detected\n71  Warn on Detection of grant that contains 'WITH ADMIN OPTION'\n72Liquibase command 'checks run' was executed successfully.\n```\n\nThe liquibase update command deploys the changes. If you choose, you can view a full report of your changes in [Liquibase Hub](https://docs.liquibase.com/tools-integrations/liquibase-hub/setup.html). The update command also saves the deployment log output file as an artifact.\n\n```text\n227Starting Liquibase at 22:19:34 (version 4.6.1 #98 built at 2021-11-04 20:16+0000)\n228Liquibase Version: 4.6.1\n229Liquibase Pro 4.6.1 by Liquibase licensed to customersuccess until Mon Jun 27 04:59:59 UTC 2022\n230----------------------------------------------------------------------\n231View a report of this operation at https://hub.liquibase.com/r/I7ens13ooM\n232* IMPORTANT: New users of Hub first need to Sign In to your account\n233with the one-time password sent to your email, which also serves as\n234your username.\n235----------------------------------------------------------------------\n236Logs saved to /home/gitlab-runner/builds/3-UvD4aX/0/szandany/sql_server/build-job_405710044.log\n237Liquibase command 'update' was executed successfully.\n```\n\nHere’s what your Liquibase Hub report will look like:\n\n![The hub report, part one](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/6_LiquibaseHub_Report.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\n![The hub report, part twot](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/7_LiquibaseHub_Report.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\nThe Liquibase history command will show what changes are currently in the database.\n\n```text\n255Starting Liquibase at 22:19:40 (version 4.6.1 #98 built at 2021-11-04 20:16+0000)\n256Liquibase Version: 4.6.1\n257Liquibase Pro 4.6.1 by Liquibase licensed to customersuccess until Mon Jun 27 04:59:59 UTC 2022\n258Liquibase History for jdbc:sqlserver://localhost:1433;sendTemporalDataTypesAsStringForBulkCopy=true;delayLoadingLobs=true;useFmtOnly=false;useBulkCopyForBatchInsert=false;cancelQueryTimeout=-1;sslProtocol=TLS;jaasConfigurationName=SQLJDBCDriver;statementPoolingCacheSize=0;serverPreparedStatementDiscardThreshold=10;enablePrepareOnFirstPreparedStatementCall=false;fips=false;socketTimeout=0;authentication=NotSpecified;authenticationScheme=nativeAuthentication;xopenStates=false;sendTimeAsDatetime=true;trustStoreType=JKS;trustServerCertificate=false;TransparentNetworkIPResolution=true;serverNameAsACE=false;sendStringParametersAsUnicode=true;selectMethod=direct;responseBuffering=adaptive;queryTimeout=-1;packetSize=8000;multiSubnetFailover=false;loginTimeout=15;lockTimeout=-1;lastUpdateCount=true;encrypt=false;disableStatementPooling=true;databaseName=DEV;columnEncryptionSetting=Disabled;applicationName=Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server;applicationIntent=readwrite;\n259- Database updated at 11/9/21, 10:19 PM. Applied 1 changeset(s), DeploymentId: 6496372605\n260  liquibase-internal::1636496372758::liquibase\n261- Database updated at 11/9/21, 10:19 PM. Applied 1 changeset(s), DeploymentId: 6496375151\n262  changelog.sql::createTable_salesTableZ::SteveZ\n263Liquibase command 'history' was executed successfully.\n```\n\n### Clicking into the DEV->QA job example from your pipeline\n\nWe run the liquibase diff command to compare the DEV and QA databases. This helps detect any drift between the databases.\n\nNotice in the log output that there are some unexpected changes: \n\ntable named bad_table\n\nprocedure named bad_proc\n\n![The diff report](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/8_LiquibaseDiff_Report.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\nBy using the [Liquibase Pro trial license key](https://www.liquibase.com/trial), you’re able to detect any stored logic objects included in the diff report. Liquibase Pro also allows you to generate a parsable JSON output file and save it as an artifact for later use.\n\n```text\n137Starting Liquibase at 22:21:10 (version 4.6.1 #98 built at 2021-11-04 20:16+0000)\n138Liquibase Version: 4.6.1\n139Liquibase Pro 4.6.1 by Liquibase licensed to customersuccess until Mon Jun 27 04:59:59 UTC 2022\n140Output saved to /home/gitlab-runner/builds/3-UvD4aX/0/szandany/sql_server/diff_between_DEV_QA.json\n141Liquibase command 'diff' was executed successfully.\n```\n\nJSON artifact output file example:\n\n```json\n{\n    \"diff\": {\n        \"diffFormat\": 1,\n        \"created\": \"Wed Dec 08 20:16:53 UTC 2021\",\n        \"databases\": {\n            \"reference\": {\n                \"majorVersion\": \"14\",\n                \"minorVersion\": \"00\",\n                \"name\": \"Microsoft SQL Server\",\n                \"url\": \"jdbc:sqlserver://localhost:1433;databaseName=DEV; ...\"\n            },\n            \"target\": {\n                \"majorVersion\": \"14\",\n                \"minorVersion\": \"00\",\n                \"name\": \"Microsoft SQL Server\",\n                \"url\": \"jdbc:sqlserver://localhost:1433;databaseName=QA; ...\"\n            }\n        },\n        \"unexpectedObjects\": [\n            {\n                \"unexpectedObject\": {\n                    \"name\": \"bad_proc\",\n                    \"type\": \"storedProcedure\",\n                    \"schemaName\": \"dbo\",\n                    \"catalogName\": \"QA\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"unexpectedObject\": {\n                    \"name\": \"bad_table\",\n                    \"type\": \"table\",\n                    \"schemaName\": \"dbo\",\n                    \"catalogName\": \"QA\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"unexpectedObject\": {\n                    \"name\": \"MARKET\",\n                    \"type\": \"column\",\n                    \"relationName\": \"bad_table\",\n                    \"schemaName\": \"dbo\",\n                    \"catalogName\": \"QA\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"unexpectedObject\": {\n                    \"name\": \"ID\",\n                    \"type\": \"column\",\n                    \"relationName\": \"bad_table\",\n                    \"schemaName\": \"dbo\",\n                    \"catalogName\": \"QA\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"unexpectedObject\": {\n                    \"name\": \"NAME\",\n                    \"type\": \"column\",\n                    \"relationName\": \"bad_table\",\n                    \"schemaName\": \"dbo\",\n                    \"catalogName\": \"QA\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"unexpectedObject\": {\n                    \"name\": \"REGION\",\n                    \"type\": \"column\",\n                    \"relationName\": \"bad_table\",\n                    \"schemaName\": \"dbo\",\n                    \"catalogName\": \"QA\"\n                }\n            }\n        ],\n        \"changedObjects\": [\n            {\n                \"changedObject\": {\n                    \"name\": \"QA\",\n                    \"type\": \"catalog\",\n                    \"differences\": [\n                        {\n                            \"difference\": {\n                                \"comparedValue\": \"QA\",\n                                \"field\": \"name\",\n                                \"message\": \"name changed from 'DEV' to 'QA'\",\n                                \"referenceValue\": \"DEV\"\n                            }\n                        }\n                    ]\n                }\n            }\n        ]\n    }\n}\n```\n\nNote that the [Liquibase diffChangelog](https://docs.liquibase.com/commands/diffchangelog.html) can help any baseline environments that have drifted. \n\nClicking into the snapshot PROD job example, the snapshot file contains all the current schema changes represented in a JSON file. You can obtain the PROD database snapshot file to compare two states of the same database to protect against malware with drift detection.\n\n```text\n58Starting Liquibase at 22:21:32 (version 4.6.1 #98 built at 2021-11-04 20:16+0000)\n59Liquibase Version: 4.6.1\n60Liquibase Pro 4.6.1 by Liquibase licensed to customersuccess until Mon Jun 27 04:59:59 UTC 2022\n61Output saved to /home/gitlab-runner/builds/3-UvD4aX/0/szandany/sql_server/snapshot_PROD.json\n62Liquibase command 'snapshot' was executed successfully. \n64Uploading artifacts for successful job00:01\n70Cleaning up project directory and file based variables00:00\n72Job succeeded\n```\n\n### Congratulations! The pipeline ran successfully.\n\nIf all the jobs are successful, you’ll see a green checkmark right next to each one.\n\nHere’s what your database changes will look like with a database SQL query tool.\n\n![The database](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/9_Database_Changes_SQL_Query_Tool.png){: .shadow.small.center}\n\n## Summing it up\n\nYou’ve now successfully run Liquibase in a GitLab pipeline to enable true CI/CD for the database. You can easily keep adding more changes to the database by adding more Liquibase changesets to the changelog, commit them to GitLab version control, and repeat the merge request process described in this tutorial to add the changes. \n\nStill have questions or want support integrating Liquibase with your Gitlab CI/CD Pipeline? Our team of database DevOps experts is happy to help! \n\n[Contact Liquibase](https://www.liquibase.com/contact)\n\n[Contact GitLab](/sales/)\n\nContact a [certified GitLab channel partner](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://partners.gitlab.com/English/directory/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1641393355697069&usg=AOvVaw0R5mPukwMBR2dKsn3eQzqp)\n\nContact a [Liquibase channel partner](https://www.liquibase.com/partners)\n\nOther useful links: \n\n[Gitlab CI/CD setup Liquibase documentation](https://docs.liquibase.com/concepts/installation/setup-gitlab-cicd.html)\n\n[GitLab - Liquibase repository](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/alliances/liquibase/sandbox-projects/liquibasegitlabcicd/-/blob/master/README.md) \n\nGet a [speedy, secure database developer flow](https://www.liquibase.com/blog/secure-database-developer-flow-using-gitlab-pipelines) using GitLab pipelines & Liquibase\n\n_Author Tsvi Zandany is a Senior Solutions Architect at 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to use GitLab Container Virtual Registry with Docker Hardened Images","Learn how to simplify container image management with this step-by-step guide.",[710],"Tim Rizzi","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1772111172/mwhgbjawn62kymfwrhle.png","2026-03-12","If you're a platform engineer, you've probably had this conversation:\n  \n*\"Security says we need to use hardened base images.\"*\n\n*\"Great, where do I configure credentials for yet another registry?\"*\n\n*\"Also, how do we make sure everyone actually uses them?\"*\n\nOr this one:\n\n*\"Why are our builds so slow?\"*\n\n*\"We're pulling the same 500MB image from Docker Hub in every single job.\"*\n\n*\"Can't we just cache these somewhere?\"*\n\nI've been working on [Container Virtual Registry](https://docs.gitlab.com/user/packages/virtual_registry/container/) at GitLab specifically to solve these problems. It's a pull-through cache that sits in front of your upstream registries — Docker Hub, dhi.io (Docker Hardened Images), MCR, and Quay — and gives your teams a single endpoint to pull from. Images get cached on the first pull. Subsequent pulls come from the cache. Your developers don't need to know or care which upstream a particular image came from.\n\nThis article shows you how to set up Container Virtual Registry, specifically with Docker Hardened Images in mind, since that's a combination that makes a lot of sense for teams concerned about security and not making their developers' lives harder.\n\n## What problem are we actually solving?\n\nThe Platform teams I usually talk to manage container images across three to five registries:\n\n* **Docker Hub** for most base images\n* **dhi.io** for Docker Hardened Images (security-conscious workloads)\n* **MCR** for .NET and Azure tooling\n* **Quay.io** for Red Hat ecosystem stuff\n* **Internal registries** for proprietary images\n\nEach one has its own:\n\n* Authentication mechanism\n* Network latency characteristics\n* Way of organizing image paths\n\nYour CI/CD configs end up littered with registry-specific logic. Credential management becomes a project unto itself. And every pipeline job pulls the same base images over the network, even though they haven't changed in weeks.\n\nContainer Virtual Registry consolidates this. One registry URL. One authentication flow (GitLab's). Cached images are served from GitLab's infrastructure rather than traversing the internet each time.\n\n## How it works\n\nThe model is straightforward:\n\n```text\nYour pipeline pulls:\n  gitlab.com/virtual_registries/container/1000016/python:3.13\n\nVirtual registry checks:\n  1. Do I have this cached? → Return it\n  2. No? → Fetch from upstream, cache it, return it\n\n```\n\nYou configure upstreams in priority order. When a pull request comes in, the virtual registry checks each upstream until it finds the image. The result gets cached for a configurable period (default 24 hours).\n\n```text\n┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐\n│                    CI/CD Pipeline                       │\n│                          │                              │\n│                          ▼                              │\n│   gitlab.com/virtual_registries/container/\u003Cid>/image   │\n└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘\n                           │\n                           ▼\n┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐\n│            Container Virtual Registry                   │\n│                                                         │\n│  Upstream 1: Docker Hub ────────────────┐               │\n│  Upstream 2: dhi.io (Hardened) ────────┐│               │\n│  Upstream 3: MCR ─────────────────────┐││               │\n│  Upstream 4: Quay.io ────────────────┐│││               │\n│                                      ││││               │\n│                    ┌─────────────────┴┴┴┴──┐            │\n│                    │        Cache          │            │\n│                    │  (manifests + layers) │            │\n│                    └───────────────────────┘            │\n└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘\n```\n\n## Why this matters for Docker Hardened Images\n\n[Docker Hardened Images](https://docs.docker.com/dhi/) are great because of the minimal attack surface, near-zero CVEs, proper software bills of materials (SBOMs), and SLSA provenance. If you're evaluating base images for security-sensitive workloads, they should be on your list.\n\nBut adopting them creates the same operational friction as any new registry:\n\n* **Credential distribution**: You need to get Docker credentials to every system that pulls images from dhi.io.\n* **CI/CD changes**: Every pipeline needs to be updated to authenticate with dhi.io.\n* **Developer friction**: People need to remember to use the hardened variants.\n* **Visibility gap**: It's difficulat to tell if teams are actually using hardened images vs. regular ones.\n\nVirtual registry addresses each of these:\n\n**Single credential**: Teams authenticate to GitLab. The virtual registry handles upstream authentication. You configure Docker credentials once, at the registry level, and they apply to all pulls.\n\n**No CI/CD changes per-team**: Point pipelines at your virtual registry. Done. The upstream configuration is centralized.\n\n**Gradual adoption**: Since images get cached with their full path, you can see in the cache what's being pulled. If someone's pulling `library/python:3.11` instead of the hardened variant, you'll know.\n\n**Audit trail**: The cache shows you exactly which images are in active use. Useful for compliance, useful for understanding what your fleet actually depends on.\n\n## Setting it up\n\nHere's a real setup using the Python client from this demo project.\n\n### Create the virtual registry\n\n```python\nfrom virtual_registry_client import VirtualRegistryClient\n\nclient = VirtualRegistryClient()\n\nregistry = client.create_virtual_registry(\n    group_id=\"785414\",  # Your top-level group ID\n    name=\"platform-images\",\n    description=\"Cached container images for platform teams\"\n)\n\nprint(f\"Registry ID: {registry['id']}\")\n# You'll need this ID for the pull URL\n```\n\n### Add Docker Hub as an upstream\n\nFor official images like Alpine, Python, etc.:\n\n```python\ndocker_upstream = client.create_upstream(\n    registry_id=registry['id'],\n    url=\"https://registry-1.docker.io\",\n    name=\"Docker Hub\",\n    cache_validity_hours=24\n)\n```\n\n### Add Docker Hardened Images (dhi.io)\n\nDocker Hardened Images are hosted on `dhi.io`, a separate registry that requires authentication:\n\n```python\ndhi_upstream = client.create_upstream(\n    registry_id=registry['id'],\n    url=\"https://dhi.io\",\n    name=\"Docker Hardened Images\",\n    username=\"your-docker-username\",\n    password=\"your-docker-access-token\",\n    cache_validity_hours=24\n)\n```\n\n### Add other upstreams\n\n```python\n# MCR for .NET teams\nclient.create_upstream(\n    registry_id=registry['id'],\n    url=\"https://mcr.microsoft.com\",\n    name=\"Microsoft Container Registry\",\n    cache_validity_hours=48\n)\n\n# Quay for Red Hat stuff\nclient.create_upstream(\n    registry_id=registry['id'],\n    url=\"https://quay.io\",\n    name=\"Quay.io\",\n    cache_validity_hours=24\n)\n```\n\n### Update your CI/CD\n\nHere's a `.gitlab-ci.yml` that pulls through the virtual registry:\n\n```yaml\nvariables:\n  VIRTUAL_REGISTRY_ID: \u003Cyour_virtual_registry_ID>\n\n  \nbuild:\n  image: docker:24\n  services:\n    - docker:24-dind\n  before_script:\n    # Authenticate to GitLab (which handles upstream auth for you)\n    - echo \"${CI_JOB_TOKEN}\" | docker login -u gitlab-ci-token --password-stdin gitlab.com\n  script:\n    # All of these go through your single virtual registry\n    \n    # Official Docker Hub images (use library/ prefix)\n    - docker pull gitlab.com/virtual_registries/container/${VIRTUAL_REGISTRY_ID}/library/alpine:latest\n    \n    # Docker Hardened Images from dhi.io (no prefix needed)\n    - docker pull gitlab.com/virtual_registries/container/${VIRTUAL_REGISTRY_ID}/python:3.13\n    \n    # .NET from MCR\n    - docker pull gitlab.com/virtual_registries/container/${VIRTUAL_REGISTRY_ID}/dotnet/sdk:8.0\n```\n\n### Image path formats\n\nDifferent registries use different path conventions:\n\n| Registry | Pull URL Example |\n|----------|------------------|\n| Docker Hub (official) | `.../library/python:3.11-slim` |\n| Docker Hardened Images (dhi.io) | `.../python:3.13` |\n| MCR | `.../dotnet/sdk:8.0` |\n| Quay.io | `.../prometheus/prometheus:latest` |\n\n### Verify it's working\n\nAfter some pulls, check your cache:\n\n```python\nupstreams = client.list_registry_upstreams(registry['id'])\nfor upstream in upstreams:\n    entries = client.list_cache_entries(upstream['id'])\n    print(f\"{upstream['name']}: {len(entries)} cached entries\")\n\n```\n\n## What the numbers look like\n\nI ran tests pulling images through the virtual registry:\n\n| Metric | Without Cache | With Warm Cache |\n|--------|---------------|-----------------|\n| Pull time (Alpine) | 10.3s | 4.2s |\n| Pull time (Python 3.13 DHI) | 11.6s | ~4s |\n| Network roundtrips to upstream | Every pull | Cache misses only |\n\n\n\n\nThe first pull is the same speed (it has to fetch from upstream). Every pull after that, for the cache validity period, comes straight from GitLab's storage. No network hop to Docker Hub, dhi.io, MCR, or wherever the image lives.\n\nFor a team running hundreds of pipeline jobs per day, that's hours of cumulative build time saved.\n\n## Practical considerations\nHere are some considerations to keep in mind:\n\n### Cache validity\n\n24 hours is the default. For security-sensitive images where you want patches quickly, consider 12 hours or less:\n\n```python\nclient.create_upstream(\n    registry_id=registry['id'],\n    url=\"https://dhi.io\",\n    name=\"Docker Hardened Images\",\n    username=\"your-username\",\n    password=\"your-token\",\n    cache_validity_hours=12\n)\n```\n\nFor stable, infrequently-updated images (like specific version tags), longer validity is fine.\n\n### Upstream priority\n\nUpstreams are checked in order. If you have images with the same name on different registries, the first matching upstream wins.\n\n### Limits\n\n* Maximum of 20 virtual registries per group\n* Maximum of 20 upstreams per virtual registry\n\n## Configuration via UI\n\nYou can also configure virtual registries and upstreams directly from the GitLab UI—no API calls required. Navigate to your group's **Settings > Packages and registries > Virtual Registry** to:\n\n* Create and manage virtual registries\n* Add, edit, and reorder upstream registries\n* View and manage the cache\n* Monitor which images are being pulled\n\n## What's next\n\nWe're actively developing:\n\n* **Allow/deny lists**: Use regex to control which images can be pulled from specific upstreams.\n\nThis is beta software. It works, people are using it in production, but we're still iterating based on feedback.\n\n## Share your feedback\n\nIf you're a platform engineer dealing with container registry sprawl, I'd like to understand your setup:\n\n* How many upstream registries are you managing?\n* What's your biggest pain point with the current state?\n* Would something like this help, and if not, what's missing?\n\nPlease share your experiences in the [Container Virtual Registry feedback issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/work_items/589630).\n## Related resources\n- [New GitLab metrics and registry features help reduce CI/CD bottlenecks](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/new-gitlab-metrics-and-registry-features-help-reduce-ci-cd-bottlenecks/#container-virtual-registry)\n- [Container Virtual Registry documentation](https://docs.gitlab.com/user/packages/virtual_registry/container/)\n- [Container Virtual Registry API](https://docs.gitlab.com/api/container_virtual_registries/)",[715,716,717],"tutorial","product","features",{"featured":12,"template":13,"slug":719},"using-gitlab-container-virtual-registry-with-docker-hardened-images",{"content":721,"config":731},{"title":722,"description":723,"authors":724,"heroImage":726,"date":727,"category":9,"tags":728,"body":730},"How IIT Bombay students are coding the future with GitLab","At GitLab, we often talk about how software accelerates innovation. But sometimes, you have to step away from the Zoom calls and stand in a crowded university hall to remember why we do this.",[725],"Nick Veenhof","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1750099013/Blog/Hero%20Images/Blog/Hero%20Images/blog-image-template-1800x945%20%2814%29_6VTUA8mUhOZNDaRVNPeKwl_1750099012960.png","2026-01-08",[260,612,729],"open source","The GitLab team recently had the privilege of judging the **iHack Hackathon** at **IIT Bombay's E-Summit**. The energy was electric, the coffee was flowing, and the talent was undeniable. But what struck us most wasn't just the code — it was the sheer determination of students to solve real-world problems, often overcoming significant logistical and financial hurdles to simply be in the room.\n\n\nThrough our [GitLab for Education program](https://about.gitlab.com/solutions/education/), we aim to empower the next generation of developers with tools and opportunity. Here is a look at what the students built, and how they used GitLab to bridge the gap between idea and reality.\n\n## The challenge: Build faster, build securely\n\nThe premise for the GitLab track of the hackathon was simple: Don't just show us a product; show us how you built it. We wanted to see how students utilized GitLab's platform — from Issue Boards to CI/CD pipelines — to accelerate the development lifecycle.\n\nThe results were inspiring.\n\n## The winners\n\n### 1st place: Team Decode — Democratizing Scientific Research\n\n**Project:** FIRE (Fast Integrated Research Environment)\n\nTeam Decode took home the top prize with a solution that warms a developer's heart: a local-first, blazing-fast data processing tool built with [Rust](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/secure-rust-development-with-gitlab/) and Tauri. They identified a massive pain point for data science students: existing tools are fragmented, slow, and expensive.\n\nTheir solution, FIRE, allows researchers to visualize complex formats (like NetCDF) instantly. What impressed the judges most was their \"hacker\" ethos. They didn't just build a tool; they built it to be open and accessible.\n\n**How they used GitLab:** Since the team lived far apart, asynchronous communication was key. They utilized **GitLab Issue Boards** and **Milestones** to track progress and integrated their repo with Telegram to get real-time push notifications. As one team member noted, \"Coordinating all these technologies was really difficult, and what helped us was GitLab... the Issue Board really helped us track who was doing what.\"\n\n![Team Decode](https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1767380253/epqazj1jc5c7zkgqun9h.jpg)\n\n### 2nd place: Team BichdeHueDost — Reuniting to Solve Payments\n\n**Project:** SemiPay (RFID Cashless Payment for Schools)\n\nThe team name, BichdeHueDost, translates to \"Friends who have been set apart.\" It's a fitting name for a group of friends who went to different colleges but reunited to build this project. They tackled a unique problem: handling cash in schools for young children. Their solution used RFID cards backed by a blockchain ledger to ensure secure, cashless transactions for students.\n\n**How they used GitLab:** They utilized [GitLab CI/CD](https://about.gitlab.com/topics/ci-cd/) to automate the build process for their Flutter application (APK), ensuring that every commit resulted in a testable artifact. This allowed them to iterate quickly despite the \"flaky\" nature of cross-platform mobile development.\n\n![Team BichdeHueDost](https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1767380253/pkukrjgx2miukb6nrj5g.jpg)\n\n### 3rd place: Team ZenYukti — Agentic Repository Intelligence\n\n**Project:** RepoInsight AI (AI-powered, GitLab-native intelligence platform)\n\nTeam ZenYukti impressed us with a solution that tackles a universal developer pain point: understanding unfamiliar codebases. What stood out to the judges was the tool's practical approach to onboarding and code comprehension: RepoInsight-AI automatically generates documentation, visualizes repository structure, and even helps identify bugs, all while maintaining context about the entire codebase.\n\n**How they used GitLab:** The team built a comprehensive CI/CD pipeline that showcased GitLab's security and DevOps capabilities. They integrated [GitLab's Security Templates](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/tree/master/lib/gitlab/ci/templates/Security) (SAST, Dependency Scanning, and Secret Detection), and utilized [GitLab Container Registry](https://docs.gitlab.com/user/packages/container_registry/) to manage their Docker images for backend and frontend components. They created an AI auto-review bot that runs on merge requests, demonstrating an \"agentic workflow\" where AI assists in the development process itself.\n\n![Team ZenYukti](https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1767380253/ymlzqoruv5al1secatba.jpg)\n\n## Beyond the code: A lesson in inclusion\n\nWhile the code was impressive, the most powerful moment of the event happened away from the keyboard.\n\nDuring the feedback session, we learned about the journey Team ZenYukti took to get to Mumbai. They traveled over 24 hours, covering nearly 1,800 kilometers. Because flights were too expensive and trains were booked, they traveled in the \"General Coach,\" a non-reserved, severely overcrowded carriage.\n\nAs one student described it:\n\n*\"You cannot even imagine something like this... there are no seats... people sit on the top of the train. This is what we have endured.\"*\n\nThis hit home. [Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging](https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/company/culture/inclusion/) are core values at GitLab. We realized that for these students, the barrier to entry wasn't intellect or skill, it was access.\n\nIn that moment, we decided to break that barrier. We committed to reimbursing the travel expenses for the participants who struggled to get there. It's a small step, but it underlines a massive truth: **talent is distributed equally, but opportunity is not.**\n\n![hackathon class together](https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1767380252/o5aqmboquz8ehusxvgom.jpg)\n\n### The future is bright (and automated)\n\nWe also saw incredible potential in teams like Prometheus, who attempted to build an autonomous patch remediation tool (DevGuardian), and Team Arrakis, who built a voice-first job portal for blue-collar workers using [GitLab Duo](https://about.gitlab.com/gitlab-duo/) to troubleshoot their pipelines.\n\nTo all the students who participated: You are the future. Through [GitLab for Education](https://about.gitlab.com/solutions/education/), we are committed to providing you with the top-tier tools (like GitLab Ultimate) you need to learn, collaborate, and change the world — whether you are coding from a dorm room, a lab, or a train carriage. **Keep shipping.**\n\n> :bulb: Learn more about the [GitLab for Education program](https://about.gitlab.com/solutions/education/).\n",{"slug":732,"featured":12,"template":13},"how-iit-bombay-students-code-future-with-gitlab",{"content":734,"config":742},{"title":735,"description":736,"authors":737,"heroImage":738,"date":739,"category":9,"tags":740,"body":741},"Artois University elevates research and curriculum with GitLab Ultimate for Education","Artois University's CRIL leveraged the GitLab for Education program to gain free access to Ultimate, transforming advanced research and computer science curricula.",[725],"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1750099203/Blog/Hero%20Images/Blog/Hero%20Images/blog-image-template-1800x945%20%2820%29_2bJGC5ZP3WheoqzlLT05C5_1750099203484.png","2025-12-10",[612,260,716],"Leading academic institutions face a critical challenge: how to provide thousands of students and researchers with industry-standard, **full-featured DevSecOps tools** without compromising institutional control. Many start with basic version control, but the modern curriculum demands integrated capabilities for planning, security, and advanced CI/CD.\n\nThe **GitLab for Education program** is designed to solve this by providing access to **GitLab Ultimate** for qualifying institutions, allowing them to scale their operations and elevate their academic offerings. \n\nThis article showcases a powerful success story from the **Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Lens (CRIL)**, a joint laboratory of **Artois University** and CNRS in France. After years of relying solely on GitLab Community Edition (CE), the university's move to GitLab Ultimate through the GitLab for Education program immediately unlocked advanced capabilities, transforming their teaching, research, and contribution workflows virtually overnight. This story demonstrates why GitLab Ultimate is essential for institutions seeking to deliver advanced computer science and research curricula.\n\n## GitLab Ultimate unlocked: Managing scale and driving academic value\n\n**Artois University's** self-managed GitLab instance is a large-scale operation, supporting nearly **3,000 users** across approximately **19,000 projects**, primarily serving computer science students and researchers. While GitLab Community Edition was robust, the upgrade to GitLab Ultimate provided the sophisticated tooling necessary for managing this scale and facilitating advanced university-level work.\n\n***\"We can see the difference,\" says Daniel Le Berre, head of research at CRIL and the instance maintainer. \"It's a completely different product. Each week reveals new features that directly enhance our productivity and teaching.\"***\n\nThe institution joined the GitLab for Education program specifically because it covers both **instructional and non-commercial research use cases** and offers full access to Ultimate's features, removing significant cost barriers.\n\n### Key GitLab Ultimate benefits for students and researchers\n\n* **Advanced project management at scale:** Master's students now benefit from **GitLab Ultimate's project planning features**. This enables them to structure, track, and manage complex, long-term research projects using professional methodologies like portfolio management and advanced issue tracking that seamlessly roll up across their thousands of projects.\n\n* **Enhanced visibility:** Features like improved dashboards and code previews directly in Markdown files dramatically streamline tracking and documentation review, reducing administrative friction for both instructors and students managing large project loads.\n\n## Comprehensive curriculum: From concepts to continuous delivery\n\nGitLab Ultimate is deeply integrated into the computer science curriculum, moving students beyond simple `git` commands to practical **DevSecOps implementation**.\n\n* **Git fundamentals:** Students begin by visualizing concepts using open-source tools to master Git concepts.\n\n* **Full CI/CD implementation:** Students use GitLab CI for rigorous **Test-Driven Development (TDD)** in their software projects. They learn to build, test, and perform quality assurance using unit and integration testing pipelines—core competency made seamless by the integrated platform.\n\n* **DevSecOps for research and documentation:** The university teaches students that DevSecOps principles are vital for all collaborative work. Inspired by earlier work in Delft, students manage and produce critical research documentation (PDFs from Markdown files) using GitLab, incorporating quality checks like linters and spell checks directly in the CI pipeline. This ensures high-quality, reproducible research output.\n\n* **Future-proofing security skills:** The GitLab Ultimate platform immediately positions the institution to incorporate advanced DevSecOps features like SAST and DAST scanning as their research and development code projects grow, ensuring students are prepared for industry security standards.\n\n## Accelerating open source contributions with GitLab Duo\n\nAccess to the full GitLab platform, including our AI capabilities, has empowered students to make impactful contributions to the wider open source community faster than ever before.\n\nTwo Master's students recently completed direct contributions to the GitLab product, adding the **ORCID identifier** into user profiles. Working on GitLab.com, they leveraged **GitLab Duo's AI chat and code suggestions** to navigate the codebase efficiently.\n\n***\"This would not have been possible without GitLab Duo,\" Daniel Le Berre notes. \"The AI features helped students, who might have lacked deep codebase knowledge, deliver meaningful contributions in just two weeks.\"***\n\nThis demonstrates how providing students with cutting-edge tools **accelerates their learning and impact**, allowing them to translate classroom knowledge into real-world contributions immediately.\n\n## Empowering open research and institutional control\n\nThe stability of the self-managed instance at Artois University is key to its success. This model guarantees **institutional control and stability** — a critical factor for long-term research preservation.\n\nThe institution's expertise in this area was recently highlighted in a major 2024 study led by CRIL, titled: \"[Higher Education and Research Forges in France - Definition, uses, limitations encountered and needs analysis](https://hal.science/hal-04208924v4)\" ([Project on GitLab](https://gitlab.in2p3.fr/coso-college-codes-sources-et-logiciels/forges-esr-en)). The research found that the vast majority of public forges in French Higher Education and Research relied on **GitLab**. This finding underscores the consensus among academic leaders that self-hosted solutions are essential for **data control and longevity**, especially when compared to relying on external, commercial forges.\n\n## Unlock GitLab Ultimate for your institution today\n\nThe success story of **Artois University's CRIL** proves the transformative power of the GitLab for Education program. By providing **free access to GitLab Ultimate**, we enable large-scale institutions to:\n\n1.  **Deliver a modern, integrated DevSecOps curriculum.**\n\n2.  **Support advanced, collaborative research projects with Ultimate planning features.**\n\n3.  **Empower students to make AI-assisted open source contributions.**\n\n4.  **Maintain institutional control and data longevity.**\n\nIf your academic institution is ready to equip its students and researchers with the complete DevSecOps platform and its most advanced features, we invite you to join the program.\n\nThe program provides **free access to GitLab Ultimate** for qualifying instructional and non-commercial research use cases.\n\n**Apply now [online](https://about.gitlab.com/solutions/education/join/).**\n",{"slug":743,"featured":28,"template":13},"artois-university-elevates-curriculum-with-gitlab-ultimate-for-education",{"promotions":745},[746,760,771],{"id":747,"categories":748,"header":750,"text":751,"button":752,"image":757},"ai-modernization",[749],"ai-ml","Is AI achieving its promise at scale?","Quiz will take 5 minutes or less",{"text":753,"config":754},"Get your AI maturity score",{"href":755,"dataGaName":756,"dataGaLocation":242},"/assessments/ai-modernization-assessment/","modernization assessment",{"config":758},{"src":759},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1772138786/qix0m7kwnd8x2fh1zq49.png",{"id":761,"categories":762,"header":763,"text":751,"button":764,"image":768},"devops-modernization",[716,558],"Are you just managing tools or shipping innovation?",{"text":765,"config":766},"Get your DevOps maturity score",{"href":767,"dataGaName":756,"dataGaLocation":242},"/assessments/devops-modernization-assessment/",{"config":769},{"src":770},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1772138785/eg818fmakweyuznttgid.png",{"id":772,"categories":773,"header":775,"text":751,"button":776,"image":780},"security-modernization",[774],"security","Are you trading speed for security?",{"text":777,"config":778},"Get your security maturity score",{"href":779,"dataGaName":756,"dataGaLocation":242},"/assessments/security-modernization-assessment/",{"config":781},{"src":782},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1772138786/p4pbqd9nnjejg5ds6mdk.png",{"header":784,"blurb":785,"button":786,"secondaryButton":791},"Start building faster today","See what your team can do with the intelligent orchestration platform for DevSecOps.\n",{"text":787,"config":788},"Get your free trial",{"href":789,"dataGaName":50,"dataGaLocation":790},"https://gitlab.com/-/trial_registrations/new?glm_content=default-saas-trial&glm_source=about.gitlab.com/","feature",{"text":494,"config":792},{"href":54,"dataGaName":55,"dataGaLocation":790},1773350841567]